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The promised Mahdi, who is usually mentioned by his title of Imam-i 'Asr (the Imam of the "Period") and Sahib al-Zaman (the Lord of the Age), is the son of the eleventh Imam.
His name is the same as that of the Holy Prophet. He was born in Samarrah in 256/868 and until 260/872 when his father was martyred, lived under his father’s care and tutelage. He was hidden from public view and only a few of the elite among the Shi'ah were able to meet him.
After the martyrdom of his father he became Imam and by Divine Command went into occultation (ghaybat). Thereafter he appeared only to his deputies (na'ib) and even then only in exceptional circumstances.
The Imam chose as a special deputy for a time Uthman ibn Sa'id 'Umari, one of the companions of his father and grandfather who was his confidant and trusted friend. Through his deputy the Imam would answer the demands and Questions of the Shi'ah.
After Uthman ibn Sa'id, his son Muhammad ibn Uthman Umari was appointed the deputy of the Imam. After the death of Muhammad ibn Uthman, Abu'l Qasim Husalyn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti was the special deputy, and after his death Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari was chosen for this task.
A few days before the death of Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari in 329/939 an order was issued by the Imam stating that in six days Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari would die, Henceforth the special deputation of the Imam would come to an end and the major occultation (ghaybat-i kubra) would begin and would continue until the day God grants permission to the Imam to manifest himself.
The occultation of the twelfth Imam is, therefore, divided into two parts: the first, the minor occultation (ghaybat-i sughra) which began in 260/872 and ended in 329/939, lasting about seventy years; the second, the major occultation which commenced in 329/939 and will continue as long as God wills it. In a hadith upon whose authenticity everyone agrees, the Holy Prophet has said, "If there were to remain in the life of the world but one day, God would prolong that day until He sends in it a man from my community and my household, His name will be the same as my name.
Similarly the Abbasid Caliphate was well aware of the Mahdi and of how he would fill the world with justice and truth after it had been filled with injustice and falsehood from several traditions originating from the Prophet Muhammad. These narrations are present to date in both Shi’a and Sunni books.
“The world will not come to an end until a man from the descendants of Husayn takes charge of the affairs of the world and fills it with justice and equity as it is filled with injustice and tyranny.”
At the age of five, after the tragic martyrdom of his father, the eleventh divine successor of the Prophet Muhammad – Hassan son of Ali, the Mahdi went into a minor occultation. During this period, the Mahdi was in contact with his followers through appointed deputies. This lasted for a period of about sixty nine years.
A few days before the death of his fourth and final deputy the Imam informed his followers, through his deputy, that there would be no more deputies after the death of the current one and after this period the Imam would go into a Major Occultation, which would continue until the day God grants permission to the Imam to manifest himself.
During this period, none would be able to approach the Imam through deputies or through direct contact. In regards to the duration and the importance of this period, the Prophet Muhammad was once asked about the nature of the reappearance of the Mahdi. In his reply the Prophet likened the time of the Reappearance of the Mahdi to that of the Hour of Resurrection and then narrated the Quranic verse;
“He alone will manifest it at its proper time. It is heavy in the heavens and the earth. It cometh not to you save unawares” (Holy Quran: Chapter 7, Verse 187)
An important question is raised in relation to this specific period, by those who doubt or question the existence of the Mahdi. What is the benefit of the Imam to his followers during his occultation?
In order to answer this question, one should realize that the position and the role of an Imam is not only to administer the affairs and the needs of the Ummah, rather he is the link between man and God, the link between the material and the spiritual worlds. Moreover, his physical presence or absence has no bearing on his position in regards to this role. This can be derived from one of the sayings narrated by the Imam himself;
‘My benefit (to the people) during my occultation is similar to that of the sun when it disappears from sight behind the clouds.’ - [Bihar Al-Anwaar, Ch. 53, Pg. 181]
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Bismilla-heer-Rahmaneer-Raheem
“Know that Allāh gives life to the earth after its death; indeed, We have made the communications clear to you that you may understand.” (Surah Hadid 57:17)
In Ghaibat of Shaykh Tusi through a chain of narration from Ibne Abbas about the above verse it is narrated that he said:
“It means that the earth will be restituted through the Qaim of Aale Muhammad (a.s.) after its death, that is, after the inequity of its rulers. We explained to you the signs, through the Qaim of Aale Muhammad (a.s.), so perhaps you may understand.”
Imām Muhammad ibn ‘Alī al-Baqir (A.S.) said:
(regarding the above verse)
“Allāh, the Exalted will revive it (the earth) through the Qaim (a.t.f.s.) after its death; its death implies disbelief of its inhabitants, because the disbelievers are dead.”
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2– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'One's friend is the closest of one's relations.'[Ghurar al-Hikam, no. 674] 3– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'He who lacks friends lacks a bare necessity.'[Ibid. no. 8760] 4– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Friends are a single soul divided between different bodies.'[Ibid. no. 2059]
Resemblance of Souls
5– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Souls resemble other souls, and those that resemble each other are in harmony, that is why people are attracted towards those they resemble.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 78, p. 92, no. 100] 6– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Every person is inclined towards one who is like him.'[Ghurar al-Hikam, no. 6865]
People Whom One Should Befriend
7– The Prophet (SAWA) said, 'The most prosperous of people is he who mingles with honourable people.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 74, p. 185, no. 2] 8– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'The most goodness and righteousness is to be found in the company of people of reason and understanding.'[Ghurar al-Hikam, no. 3129] 9– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'The one who invites you to the everlasting abode and helps you work towards it is a compassionate friend indeed.'[Ibid. no. 8775] 10– Imam al-Sadiq (a.s) said, 'Do not call a man your friend with the true stamp of friendship until you have tested him in three matters: anger him so that you may see whether his anger takes him away from right into wrong; test him with the dinar and the dirham [in money matters]; and travel with him.'[Amali al-Tusi, p. 646, no. 1339] 11– Imam al-Sadiq (a.s) said, 'Befriend one who gives you a good image, and do not befriend one who uses you to boost his own image.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 76, p. 267, no. 9]
People Whome One Must Not Befriend
12– The Prophet (SAWA) said, 'It is not good for you to befriend someone who does not have your best interests at heart as he does his own.'[al-Durra al-B?hira, p. 19] 13– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'He who, in his friendship with you, is of no aid to you against your base self, his friendship is a curse on you, if only you knew.'[Ghurar al-Hikam, no. 9041] 14– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Beware of befriending corrupt people, immoral people, and those who openly commit acts of disobedience to Allah.'[Ibid. no. 2601] 15– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'The friend of an ignorant man is always wearied and miserable.'[Ibid. no. 5829] 16– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Beware of befriending immoral people, for verily only evil accompanies evil.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 74, p. 199, no. 36] 17– Imam Ali (a.s), in his will to his son al-Hasan (a.s), said, 'O my son, beware of befriending a stupid person, for although he will surely want to be of benefit to you, he will only bring you trouble.'[Ibid. p. 198, no. 35] 18– Imam Zayn al-Abidin (a.s), in his advice to his son al-Baqir (a.s), said, 'Beware of befriending one who has cut off relations with his kin, for verily I have seen him cursed in the Book of Allah, Mighty and Exalted, on three different occasions.'[Ibid. v. 2, p. 377, no. 7] 19– Imam al-Rida (a.s) said, 'The ignorant man's friend is always wearied.'[Ibid. v. 78, p. 352, no. 9]
That Which Corrupts a Friendship
21– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Jealousy of one's friend stems from weakness in one's love [for him].'[Nahj al-Balagha, Saying 218] 22– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Do not let bad opinion of people overcome you, for verily it will not leave any pardon between you and your friend.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 77, p. 207, no. 1] 23– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'He who penetrates deeply into his friend's affairs, his love for him comes to an end.'[Ghurar al-Hikam, no. 8582] 24– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'He who argues with his brothers has few friends.'[Ibid. no. 8772] 25– Imam al-Sadiq (a.s) said, 'If you want the exclusive love of your brother, then do not ever make fun of him, nor quarrel with him, nor compete against him, nor be malicious to him.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 78, p. 291, no. 2] 26– Imam al-Hadi (a.s) said, 'The quarrel corrupts a long friendship and dissolves strong ties, because it only really consists of strife, and strife is the main cause of a break in friendship.'[A`alam al-Din, no. 311]
The Extent of One's Friendship
28– Imam Ali (a.s) said, ''Shower all your love on your friend but do not shower all your trust on him.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 74, p. 165, no. 29] 29– Imam al-Sadiq (a.s) said, 'Friendship can only succeed when its conditions are fulfilled, and he who fulfils all or some of these conditions may be befriended, and if not, then do not attribute any of your friendship to him. The first of these conditions is that he should treat you in public the same as he treats you in private. Secondly, that your source of pride is a source of pride for him, and your source of shame is a source of shame for him too. Thirdly, that neither friendship [with others] nor wealth should render him envious of you. Fourthly, that he must not prevent you from obtaining that which you have the capacity for, and fifthly – and this sums up all the other qualities – that he must not give up on you in times of misfortune.'[Ibid. v. 78, p. 249, no. 90]
The Best Companions
30– The Prophet (SAWA) said, 'The best of companions is he who has little discord about him and much harmony.'[Tanbih al-Khawatir, v. 2, p. 123] 31– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'One who aids you in your obedience [to Allah] is the best of companions.'[Ghurar al-Hikam, no. 1142]
The Right of One's Companion
32– Imam Ali (a.s) said, 'Do not cut off a friend, even if he disbelieves.'[Ibid. no. 10196] 33– Imam Zayn al-Abidin (a.s) said, 'The right of your companion is that you share his company with bounty and fairness. You should honour him as he honours you, and should not let him be the first to extend his generosity. And if he is the first to do so, then repay him. Wish for him as he wishes for you, and restrain him from any act of disobedience that he might contemplate. Be a mercy for him, and not a chastisement.'[Bihar al-Anwar, v. 74, p. 7, no. 1] |